South Texas Birding: Neotropical Migrants on South Padre Island

Situated along the western edge of the Gulf of Mexico, 113-mile-long Padre Island holds the distinction of being the world's longest barrier island.  South Padre Island, as the southern portion of the barrier island is known, is a renowned beach vacation destination, spring break hot spot, and (most importantly) the location of extraordinarily good birding, particularly during spring migration.  

From late March through mid-May, birds migrating north from their wintering grounds in Central and South America to their breeding habitat in North America follow invisible yet ancient migratory pathways along the Central Flyway.  For birds making the 600+ mile non-stop flight across the Gulf of Mexico from the Yucatan Peninsula, the first land at which these tired migrants arrive is South Padre Island.  And for many weary avian travelers, this narrow spit of land and the lush, insect-rich habitat thereon, is a literal lifesaver.

Male Baltimore Oriole, enjoying an orange at the Valley Land Fund lots on South Padre Island
  

When the wind is from the south, migrating birds are pushed northward across the Gulf by a helpful tailwind.  In these conditions of favorable winds, some tired birds still stop for refuge and refueling on the barrier island, but many northbound migrants continue up onto the mainland and find themselves in the heart of Texas or beyond before they land for a break.  

But when the wind shifts and blows from the north, these same neotropical migrants must struggle against a dangerous headwind in their strenuous effort to cross over six hundred miles of open ocean, without the ability to swim or even float on the water.  Dry terra firma is the only thing that can save them, so when the north winds blow during the migration season, the first land that nearly-spent birds come to - in this case, the long barrier island known as South Padre Island - is absolutely critical.  When the wind is from the north during the peak of April migration, birds descend here in unbelievable numbers.  

This phenomenon, known in the ornithological world as "fallout," is less a spectacle of masses of birds swirling in the air (as pictured in the still-excellent movie, "The Big Year") and more one of small, brilliant scraps of color littering the ground and smattered throughout trees: tired and hungry songbirds foraging frantically for the calories they need to go on.  As the birds are exhausted and focused on finding food, birders are often able to get good eye-level, close-up views of some of North America's most beautifully colored birds, including buntings, orioles, tanagers, grosbeaks and warblers... many of which elect to remain high up in the leafy tree-tops once they reach their breeding grounds.  This video from YouTube gives viewers a nice sampling of what might be expected on a good day of spring migration birding on South Padre Island.  

Male Painted Bunting, foraging for insects in the gardens at the South Padre Island Birding and Nature Center

Our birding experience on South Padre Island was wonderful, though not quite the mind-blowing spectacle I know it can be.  This was for a couple of reasons, the first of which was our timing.  We visited during the first week of April, which is really just the beginning of migration season; numbers of migrating birds don't peak until the last couple of weeks in April.  We were seeing the first birds that were beginning to make their way north; a week or two later, migration would have been in full swing.  (But, the first week of April was Eric's spring break, so we have to travel when we can!)  

Eastern Kingbird... just passing through


The second reason was determined by the weather.  A couple of days before we arrived, the winds were from the north, and the lists of migrants landing on the island looked promising!  But then the winds shifted, and each day, as the winds blew steadily from the south, ferrying songbirds north with a helpful tailwind, the list of migratory birds found on the island grew shorter and shorter.  With the wind at their backs, birds flying north were able to continue farther inland before stopping to rest and refuel, bypassing South Padre Island entirely... which is good for the birds, but less-good for birders.

The daily list of species sighted at the Valley Land Fund Lots on South Padre Island illustrates my point: The long lists of species on April 2nd, 3rd and 4th attests to the north wind that blew those days.  By the time we arrived, on the 5th, the wind had shifted to the south and fewer birds were stopping at this refueling site on the island.  This photo was taken at the end of the day on April 6th, when only a short list of species had been reported. 


On South Padre Island, there are a few places where kind friends of birds maintain landscapes of native plants, feeding stations, and water features specifically for migratory birds.  On Sheepshead Street, the Valley Land Fund lots are just what they sound like: vacant lots that have been purchased by the Valley Land Fund to be maintained entirely as bird habitat on an otherwise heavily developed island.  Viewing areas off the quiet street are popular with birders during spring and fall migration.  A few miles away, the gardens around the South Padre Island Convention Center and the next-door South Padre Island Birding and Nature Center offer larger areas landscaped with lawns, native trees and shrubs, water features and feeding stations (mostly oranges impaled on sticks), where birds stop to refuel and admiring birders can enjoy the show.  I highly recommend a visit to these beautifully birdy places!  

Father up the Gulf Coast of Texas, High Island also provides similar opportunities for birding during spring migration at renowned sites like Boy Scout Woods and Smith Oaks Bird Sanctuary.  I've not been to these locations, but they're definitely on my birding bucket list!

Townsend's Warbler (slightly off-course here in Texas), refueling for his migratory journey to the northwest.
   

In addition to beautiful orioles and buntings, we saw a small handful of migrating warblers as well, including a rare Townsend's Warbler, a little farther east than he should be (pictured above and below), an exciting (for this Californian) Magnolia Warbler, several Black-and-White Warblers, quite a few Nashville Warblers, a Northern Parula, and, the real gem, a retiring Swainson's Warbler, skulking in the shadowy underbrush!

The irony is... the best warbler photos I got were of a rare-for-Texas Townsend's Warbler, which is a familiar face for Californian birders!


Black-and-White Warbler, gleaning insects from the tree bark, nuthatch-like.  Some of these little guys actually spend the winter in South Texas, as well as farther south in Central and South America.



Not a great photo, but Swainson's Warblers are renowned for their skulking behavior, so the fact that I not only spotted this little guy in the first place, but also managed to get any kind of identifiable photo at all is amazing!



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